63. rasabhēdavikalpādhyāyaḥ

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Adhikarana 1 (1-2) · Śloka 2

athātō rasabhēdavikalpamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ ||1|| yathōvāca bhagavān dhanvantariḥ ||2||

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अथातो रसभेदविकल्पमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१|| यथोवाच भगवान् धन्वन्तरिः ||२||

Meaning of the śloka

Now we shall expound the chapter on the analysis of the varieties of rasa (tastes). As Lord Dhanvantari said.

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atha bhūtavidyāṁ parisamāpya aupadravikē tantrabhūṣaṇānāṁ rasabhēdādīnāmadhyāyānāṁ sūcitatvāt tantrabhūṣaṇānārabdhukāmastatrōktakramānusārēṇa rasabhēdavikalpādhyāyamāha- athāta ityādi| athāta ityādi pūrvavadvyākhyēyam | rasabhēdavikalpamiti rasā madhurādayaḥ pūrvaṁ vyākhyātāḥ, rasānāṁ bhēdēna dvitrikādibhēdēna vikalpō vibhajanaṁ yasmin sa tathā, athavā rasabhēdānāṁ vikalpō dōṣabhēdavaśādavacāraṇaṁ yasmin sa tathā, tam||1-2||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says that after finishing Bhūtavidyā, the author, wishing to begin the 'ornaments of the treatise' (tantrabhūṣaṇa) chapters such as rasabheda that were indicated in the Aupadravika section, gives the chapter on the analysis of rasa varieties in the stated order. 'Rasabhedavikalpa' is explained in two ways: either the division of the tastes (sweet and the rest, explained earlier) by combinations of two, three and so on; or the consideration of the taste varieties according to the varieties of the doshas.

Key terms

rasa: Taste.
rasabhedavikalpa: Analysis of the varieties of tastes.
tantrabhūṣaṇa: 'Ornaments of the treatise', the concluding methodological chapters.

Adhikarana 2 (3) · Śloka 3

dōṣāṇāṁ pañcadaśadhā prasarō'bhihitastu yaḥ | triṣaṣṭyā rasābhēdānāṁ tatprayōjanamucyatē ||3||

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दोषाणां पञ्चदशधा प्रसरोऽभिहितस्तु यः | त्रिषष्ट्या रसाभेदानां तत्प्रयोजनमुच्यते ||३||

Meaning of the śloka

The fifteen-fold spread (prasara) of the doshas that was stated: for the sixty-three varieties of tastes, its purpose is now stated.

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rasabhēdakathanē prayōjanamāha- dōṣāṇāmitādi| yaḥ pañcadaśaprakārō vraṇapraśnādhyāyē dōṣāṇāṁ prasara uktaḥ, tadrasabhēdānāṁ triṣaṣṭyāḥ prayōjanamucyata iti sambandhaḥ| atra pañcadaśadhētyupalakṣaṇaṁ, tēna dōṣabhēdānāṁ triṣaṣṭirapi gr̥hyatē| ayamabhiprāyaḥ- triṣaṣṭiprakārāṇāmapi dōṣabhēdānāmupayōgārthaṁ rasabhēdā uktāḥ||3||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says this gives the purpose of describing taste varieties. The fifteen kinds of spread of the doshas stated in the chapter on questions about wounds, and the sixty-three taste varieties, are connected; the purpose is stated. Here 'fifteen-fold' is only an indication, so the sixty-three varieties of doshas are also to be taken. The intent is that the taste varieties are stated for use with all sixty-three varieties of dosha.

Key terms

prasara: Spread of a dosha.
triṣaṣṭi: Sixty-three.

Adhikarana 3 (4) · Śloka 4

avidagdhā vidagdhāśca bhidyantē tē triṣaṣṭidhā | rasabhēdatriṣaṣṭiṁ tu vīkṣya vīkṣyāvacārayēt ||4||

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अविदग्धा विदग्धाश्च भिद्यन्ते ते त्रिषष्टिधा | रसभेदत्रिषष्टिं तु वीक्ष्य वीक्ष्यावचारयेत् ||४||

Meaning of the śloka

The unmixed and the combined tastes are divided into sixty-three varieties. Having considered the sixty-three taste varieties again and again, one should apply them.

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kīdr̥śā rasāstriṣaṣṭibhēdān yāntītyāha- avidagdhā ityādi| avidagdhā asaṁyuktā ēkākinaḥ samavāyatō bhidyanta ityarthaḥ| vidagdhāḥ saṁyōgataḥ samavāyataśca saṁyuktā rasāntarasaṁyōgādbhidyantē| vidagdhaśabdaḥ saṁyuktē vartatē, dhātūnāmanēkārthatvāt| bhidyantē ēkaikēnānugamanādbhēdaṁ yāntītyarthaḥ| tē rasāḥ| tatra yathāsambhavaṁ kēcit saṁyōgataḥ kēcit samavāyataśca bhidyantē| saṁyuktā yathā- badarakapitthaphalādikaṁ madhurāmlaṁ(1), uṣṭrīkṣīrōrabhramāṁsādikaṁ madhuralavaṇaṁ(2), kukkuraśr̥gālamāṁsādikaṁ madhurakaṭukaṁ(3), śrīvāsasarjarasādikaṁ madhuratiktaṁ(4) tailadhanvanaphalādikaṁ madhurakaṣāyaṁ(5); ūṣakādikam amlalavaṇaṁ(6), cukrādikam amlakaṭukaṁ(7), surādikam amlatiktaṁ(8), hastinīdadhiśukamāṁsādikam amlakaṣāyaṁ(9); trapusīsādikaṁ lavaṇatiktaṁ(10), gōmūtrasvarjikādikaṁ lavaṇakaṭukaṁ(11), samudraphēnādikaṁ lavaṇakaṣāyaṁ(12); karpūrajātīphalādikaṁ tiktakaṭukaṁ(13), lavalīphalahastinīghr̥tādikaṁ tiktakaṣāyaṁ(14); bhallātakamajjāharitālādikaṁ kaṭukaṣāyam(15); ēvaṁ dvirasabhēdāḥ pañcadaśadhā darśitāḥ| ataḥ paraṁ rasatritayabhēdā vakṣyantē- hastimāṁsādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇaṁ(1), śalyakamāṁsādikaṁ madhurāmlakaṭukaṁ(2), gōdhūmōtthasurādikaṁ madhurāmlatiktakaṁ(3), mastutakrādikaṁ madhurāmlakaṣāyaṁ(4), kāṇakapōtamāṁsādikaṁ madhuralavaṇakaṭukaṁ(5), śambūkādimāṁsaṁ madhuralavaṇatiktaṁ(6), padmakandādikaṁ guḍasaṁyuktaṁ madhuralavaṇakaṣāyaṁ(7), tr̥ṇaśūnyāphalaśuṣkakustumbaryādikaṁ madhurakaṭutiktakaṁ(8), gōdhāmāṁsairaṇḍatailādikaṁ madhurakaṭukaṭukaṣāyaṁ(9), guḍūcīśākhāmr̥gāmiṣatuvarakatailādikaṁ madhuratiktakaṣāyaṁ(10), raupyaśilājatvādikam amlalavaṇakaṭukaṁ(11), hastimūtrādikam amlalavaṇatiktaṁ(12), sarōmakaṁ hastinīdadhyādi amlalavaṇakaṣāyaṁ(13), maricasaṁskr̥tasurādikam amlakaṭutiktakaṁ(14), amlavētasādikam amlakaṭukaṣāyaṁ(15), kīramāṁsayutasurādikam amlatiktakaṣāyaṁ(16), avimūtrādikaṁ lavaṇakaṭutiktaṁ(17), aruṣkaraṁ sarōmakaṁ lavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaṁ(18), samudraphēnāvikaṁ lavaṇatiktakaṣāyaṁ(19), kr̥ṣṇāgarusuradārusnēhādikaṁ kaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(20); ēvaṁ trikabhēdā viṁśatirdarśitāḥ| ataḥ paraṁ catuḥsaṁyōgāḥ pañcadaśaprakārā vakṣyantē- gōmūtrānvitaśilājatuprabhr̥tikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭukaṁ(1), gōmūtraikaśaphakṣīrādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇatiktakaṁ(2) saindhavānvitatakrādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇakaṣāyaṁ(3), laśunānvitaṁ surādikaṁ madhurāmlakaṭutiktaṁ(4), kāñjikānvitairaṇḍatailādi khadirānvitaśilāhvādikaṁ ca madhurāmlakaṭukaṣāyaṁ(5), udumbarānvitaṁ yavāsaśarkarādikaṁ madhurāmlatiktakaṣāyaṁ(6), vārtākaphalādikaṁ madhuralavaṇatiktakaṭukaṁ(7), gōmūtrānvitatailādikaṁ madhuralavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaṁ(8), tilaguggulvādikaṁ madhurakaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(9), samudraphēnaśarkarācitrakānvitabadarādi madhuralavaṇatiktakaṣāyaṁ(10), suvarcalānvitahastinīdadhyādi kr̥tasurādikam amlalavaṇakaṭutiktaṁ(11), sauvarcalānvitahastinīdadhyādikam amlalavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaṁ(12), audbhidalavaṇānvitaṁ śukamāṁsādikam amlalavaṇatiktakaṣāyaṁ(13), bālamūlakahastinīdadhyādikam amlakaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(14), sarōmakaṁ bālabilvādikaṁ lavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(15); ēvaṁ catuṣkarasasaṁyōgāḥ pañcadaśa kathitāḥ| ataḥ paraṁ pañcarasasaṁyōgāḥ ṣaḍ vakṣyantē- āmakaramardānvitaṁ bhr̥ṣṭavārtākaphalādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇatiktakaṣāyaṁ(1), kaṭutrayayavakṣārānvitatakrādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭukaṣāyam(2), audbhidānvitatakrādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇatiktakaṣāyaṁ(3), harītakīdhātrīphalādikaṁ madhurāmlakaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(4), rasōnādikaṁ madhuralavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(5), bhallātakaraupyaśilājatumiśritanimbādikam amlalavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaṁ(6); ēvaṁ pañcarasasaṁyōgāḥ ṣaḍ darśitāḥ| ataḥ paraṁ ṣaḍrasaṁ vakṣyatē- ēṇamāṁsādikaṁ madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyam| ataḥ paramēkaikarasānāha- santānikāgōdugdhādikaṁ madhuraṁ(1) āmakaramardādikam amlaṁ(2), rōmakādikaṁ lavaṇaṁ(3), cavyādikaṁ kaṭukaṁ(4), nimbaparpaṭādikaṁ tiktaṁ(5), padmanyagrōdhādyaṅkurādikaṁ kaṣāyaṁ(6); ēvaṁ ṣaṭ kathitāḥ| anēna prakārēṇa triṣaṣṭiḥ kathitāḥ| kārtikakuṇḍastvamuṁ pāṭhamanyathā āpātanikāṁ kr̥tvā vyākhyānayati; tadyathā- dōṣāṇāṁ pañcadaśadhā prasarō bhēdaḥ, tasya bahubhistriṣaṣṭirasabhēdaiḥ saha prayōgō durghaṭaḥ, atō dōṣabhēdānāmapi bahutvamāha- avidagdhā ityādi| avidagdhā aprakupitāḥ; vidagdhāḥ kupitā dōṣāḥ; yadyasmin pāṭhē dōṣāṇāṁ triṣaṣṭibhēdā uktāḥ, tarhi pūrvapāṭhē pañcadaśadhā prasaraḥ kimityuktaḥ? satyaṁ, kupitadōṣasyātyantacikitsanīyatvāpādanārtham; anyat granthagauravabhayāt parityaktam||4||h

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary asks what sort of tastes divide into sixty-three. 'Avidagdha' means uncombined, single, dividing by inherence; 'vidagdha' means combined with another taste by combination and inherence, dividing by that combination. 'Vidagdha' here has the sense of combined. They divide by following one another, one at a time. Some divide by combination, some by inherence. The commentary then lists, with examples of substances, the fifteen two-taste combinations (for example sweet-sour such as jujube and wood-apple fruit, sweet-salty such as camel's milk and sheep meat, sweet-pungent such as dog and jackal meat, and so on to pungent-astringent such as bhallātaka marrow), the twenty three-taste combinations, the fifteen four-taste, the six five-taste, the one six-taste (deer meat and the like), and the six single tastes, totalling sixty-three. Kārttikakuṇḍa reads this passage differently, taking the sixty-three as varieties of doshas: 'avidagdha' as unaggravated and 'vidagdha' as aggravated doshas, to show that the doshas' spread of fifteen kinds needs many taste varieties; further detail is omitted for fear of bulk.

Key terms

avidagdha: Unmixed, single taste (in the commentary's reading); or unaggravated (in Kārttikakuṇḍa's reading).
vidagdha: Combined (taste); or aggravated (dosha).
dvirasa / trirasa: Combinations of two or three tastes.
samavāya: Inherence, natural association.

Adhikarana 4 (5) · Śloka 5

ēkaikēnānugamanaṁ bhāgaśō yadudīritam | dōṣāṇāṁ , tatra matimān triṣaṣṭiṁ tu prayōjayēt ||5||

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एकैकेनानुगमनं भागशो यदुदीरितम् | दोषाणां , तत्र मतिमान् त्रिषष्टिं तु प्रयोजयेत् ||५||

Meaning of the śloka

The following of one taste after another, in parts, that has been declared for the doshas: there the wise one should apply the sixty-three.

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pūrvamavidagdhā vidagdhāśca rasā ēkaikēnānugamanādbhidyanta ityuktaṁ, tadēva smārayati ēkaikēnānugamanamityādi| bhāgaśaḥ aṁśāṁśatayā| rasānāmēkaikēnānugamanaṁ pravartanaṁ yadudīritamasminnadhyāyē bhaṇitaṁ, tadvaśāttē rasāstriṣaṣṭidhā bhidyanta iti pūrvavākyēna saha sambandhaḥ| tāṁ ca rasabhēdatriṣaṣṭiṁ, matimān ūhāpōhavidvaidyaḥ, tatra dōṣabhēdēṣu prayōjayēt| matimāniti padāt yādr̥śā ēva dōṣāṇāṁ hīnādhikabhāvēna bhēdāstādr̥śā ēva rasabhēdā yōjyā iti sūcayati| anyē tu ‘ēvamēvānugamanaṁ’ iti paṭhitvā dōṣāṇāmēvaṁ bhāgaśōṁ'śāṁśabalavikalpēnaikaṁ pratyēkasyānugamanaṁ dōṣabhēdīyē yadudīritaṁ tatra rasabhēdatriṣaṣṭiṁ yōjayēditi| yadyapi dōṣabhēdīyē yadvakṣyatē iti sundaraṁ natu yadudīritamiti, tathā'pi bhāvini bhūtavadupacārāddōṣabhēdīyē yadudīritamiti kr̥tam| aparē'trāmuṁ pāṭhamanyathā paṭhitvā bahu jalpanti, tacca granthagauravabhayācchiṣyabuddhivyākulahētutvācca parityaktam||5||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says this recalls the earlier statement that unmixed and combined tastes divide by following one after another. 'In parts' means in portions. The following (enumeration) of tastes stated in this chapter gives the sixty-three, and the wise one, skilled in reasoning for and against, should apply these taste sixty-three to the dosha varieties. The word 'wise' indicates that the taste varieties should be matched to whatever varieties of doshas arise from lesser or greater proportion. Others read 'evam evānugamanam' and explain that the doshas' following in portions and strengths is stated in the chapter on dosha varieties, where the sixty-three taste varieties are to be applied. Though 'what will be said' in that chapter would be more apt than 'what has been declared', the past tense is used as though already accomplished. Others read the passage differently and speak at length; this is omitted for fear of bulk and of confusing students.

Key terms

anugamana: Following, combining in sequence.
matimān: The wise one, skilled in reasoning.

Adhikarana 5 (6-8) · Śloka 8

yathākramapravr̥ttānāṁ dvikēṣu madhurō rasaḥ | pañcānukramatē yōgānamlaścatura ēva tu ||6|| trīṁścānugacchati rasō lavaṇaḥ kaṭukō dvayam | tiktaḥ kaṣāyamanvēti tē dvikā daśa pañca ca ||7|| tadyathā- madhurāmlaḥ(1), madhuralavaṇaḥ(2), madhurakaṭukaḥ(3), madhuratiktaḥ(4), madhurakaṣāyaḥ(5), ētēpañcānukrāntā madhurēṇa; amlalavaṇaḥ(1), amlakaṭukaḥ(2), amlatiktaḥ(3), amlakaṣāyaḥ(4), ētē catvārō'nukrāntā amlēna; lavaṇakaṭukaḥ(1), lavaṇatiktaḥ(2), lavaṇakaṣāyaḥ(3), ētē trayō'nukrāntā lavaṇēna; kaṭutiktaḥ(1), kaṭukaṣāyaḥ(2), dvāvētāvanukrāntau kaṭukēna; tiktakaṣāyaḥ(1) ēka ēvānukrāntastiktēna; ēvamētē pañcadaśa dvikasaṁyōgā vyākhyātāḥ ||8||

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यथाक्रमप्रवृत्तानां द्विकेषु मधुरो रसः | पञ्चानुक्रमते योगानम्लश्चतुर एव तु ||६|| त्रींश्चानुगच्छति रसो लवणः कटुको द्वयम् | तिक्तः कषायमन्वेति ते द्विका दश पञ्च च ||७|| तद्यथा- मधुराम्लः(१), मधुरलवणः(२), मधुरकटुकः(३), मधुरतिक्तः(४), मधुरकषायः(५), एतेपञ्चानुक्रान्ता मधुरेण; अम्ललवणः(१), अम्लकटुकः(२), अम्लतिक्तः(३), अम्लकषायः(४), एते चत्वारोऽनुक्रान्ता अम्लेन; लवणकटुकः(१), लवणतिक्तः(२), लवणकषायः(३), एते त्रयोऽनुक्रान्ता लवणेन; कटुतिक्तः(१), कटुकषायः(२), द्वावेतावनुक्रान्तौ कटुकेन; तिक्तकषायः(१) एक एवानुक्रान्तस्तिक्तेन; एवमेते पञ्चदश द्विकसंयोगा व्याख्याताः ||८||

Meaning of the śloka

Of the tastes proceeding in order, in the two-taste combinations the sweet follows five combinations, the sour four; the salty follows three, the pungent two, and the bitter is followed by the astringent. These two-taste combinations are ten and five (fifteen). Namely: sweet-sour (1), sweet-salty (2), sweet-pungent (3), sweet-bitter (4), sweet-astringent (5): these five are led by sweet; sour-salty (1), sour-pungent (2), sour-bitter (3), sour-astringent (4): these four by sour; salty-pungent (1), salty-bitter (2), salty-astringent (3): these three by salty; pungent-bitter (1), pungent-astringent (2): these two by pungent; bitter-astringent (1): this one by bitter. Thus these fifteen two-taste combinations are explained.

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idānīṁ rasabhēdatriṣaṣṭiṁ granthēnaiva vivr̥ṇvannāha- yathākramamityādi| yathākramapravr̥ttānāmiti madhurādikramapravr̥ttānāṁ rasānāmityarthaḥ| dvikēṣu dvikasaṁyōgēṣu| anukramatē anugacchati, anugatō bhavatītyarthaḥ| daśa pañcēti pañcadaśētyarthaḥ| yadyapi sūtrasthānē rasaviśēṣavijñānīyādhyāyē pañcadaśa dvikā ityādinā dvikasaṁyōgādīnāṁ saṅkhyā uktāḥ, tathā'pi punaratra saṅkhyākaraṇaṁ niyamārtham| tēna iyanta ēva rasabhēdā gaṇanīyā na tantrāntarōktāstaratamayōgādijā ityarthaḥ| tēṣāmēva dvikānāṁ pañcadaśasaṅkhyākānāmudāharaṇānyāha- tadyathētyādi| madhurāmlau vidyētē yatra saṁyōgē sa madhurāmlaḥ| ēvaṁ śēṣēṣvapi jñēyam||6-8||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says that now the sixty-three are explained by the text itself. 'Proceeding in order' means in the order of sweet and so on. 'In the two-taste combinations' means in the two-taste unions. 'Follows' means becomes joined with. 'Ten and five' means fifteen. Although the number of two-taste combinations and others was stated in the earlier chapter on knowing special tastes, the number is repeated here to fix it: only these taste varieties are to be counted, not those stated in other treatises arising from graded 'more or less' combinations. The examples of the fifteen are then given. 'Sweet-sour' is where sweet and sour are both present in the union; the rest are to be understood likewise.

Key terms

madhura: Sweet.
amla: Sour.
lavaṇa: Salty.
kaṭu: Pungent.
tikta: Bitter.
kaṣāya: Astringent.

Adhikarana 6 (9-10) · Śloka 10

trikān vakṣyāmaḥ- ādau prayujyamānastu madhurō daśa gacchati | ṣaḍamlō lavaṇastasmādardhamēkaṁ tathā kaṭuḥ ||9|| tadyathā- madhurāmlalavaṇaḥ(1), madhurāmlakaṭukaḥ(2), madhurāmlatiktaḥ(3), madhurāmlakaṣāyaḥ(4), madhuralavaṇakaṭukaḥ(5), madhuralavaṇatiktāḥ(6), madhuralavaṇakaṣāyaḥ(7), madhurakaṭukatiktaḥ(8), madhurakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(9), madhuratiktakaṣāyaḥ(10), ēvamēṣāṁ daśānāṁ trikasaṁyōgānāmādau madhuraḥ prayujyatē; amlalavaṇakaṭukaḥ(1), amlalavaṇatiktaḥ(2), amlalavaṇakaṣāyaḥ(3), amlakaṭutiktaḥ(4), amlakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(5), amlatiktakaṣāyaḥ(6), ēvamēṣāṁ ṣaṇṇāmādāvamlaḥ prayujyatē; lavaṇakaṭutiktaḥ(1), lavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(2), lavaṇatiktakaṣāyaḥ(3), ēvamēṣāṁ trayāṇāmādau lavaṇaḥ prayujyatē; kaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(1), ēvamēkasyādau kaṭukaḥ prayujyatē; ēvamētē trikasaṁyōgā viṁśatirvyākhyātāḥ ||10||

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त्रिकान् वक्ष्यामः- आदौ प्रयुज्यमानस्तु मधुरो दश गच्छति | षडम्लो लवणस्तस्मादर्धमेकं तथा कटुः ||९|| तद्यथा- मधुराम्ललवणः(१), मधुराम्लकटुकः(२), मधुराम्लतिक्तः(३), मधुराम्लकषायः(४), मधुरलवणकटुकः(५), मधुरलवणतिक्ताः(६), मधुरलवणकषायः(७), मधुरकटुकतिक्तः(८), मधुरकटुकषायः(९), मधुरतिक्तकषायः(१०), एवमेषां दशानां त्रिकसंयोगानामादौ मधुरः प्रयुज्यते; अम्ललवणकटुकः(१), अम्ललवणतिक्तः(२), अम्ललवणकषायः(३), अम्लकटुतिक्तः(४), अम्लकटुकषायः(५), अम्लतिक्तकषायः(६), एवमेषां षण्णामादावम्लः प्रयुज्यते; लवणकटुतिक्तः(१), लवणकटुकषायः(२), लवणतिक्तकषायः(३), एवमेषां त्रयाणामादौ लवणः प्रयुज्यते; कटुतिक्तकषायः(१), एवमेकस्यादौ कटुकः प्रयुज्यते; एवमेते त्रिकसंयोगा विंशतिर्व्याख्याताः ||१०||

Meaning of the śloka

We shall describe the three-taste combinations. When used first, sweet goes into ten, sour into six, salty into half of that (three), and pungent into one. Namely: sweet-sour-salty (1), sweet-sour-pungent (2), sweet-sour-bitter (3), sweet-sour-astringent (4), sweet-salty-pungent (5), sweet-salty-bitter (6), sweet-salty-astringent (7), sweet-pungent-bitter (8), sweet-pungent-astringent (9), sweet-bitter-astringent (10): in these ten, sweet is used first; sour-salty-pungent (1), sour-salty-bitter (2), sour-salty-astringent (3), sour-pungent-bitter (4), sour-pungent-astringent (5), sour-bitter-astringent (6): in these six, sour first; salty-pungent-bitter (1), salty-pungent-astringent (2), salty-bitter-astringent (3): in these three, salty first; pungent-bitter-astringent (1): in this one, pungent first. Thus these twenty three-taste combinations are explained.

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ādāvityādi| daśēti daśayōgānityarthaḥ| tasmādardhamiti trīnityarthaḥ| tēṣāmēva trikānāṁ viṁśatisaṅkhyākānāmudāharaṇānyāha- madhurāmlētyādi| madhurāmlalavaṇā vidyantē yatra sa madhurāmlalavaṇaḥ| ēvaṁ śēṣēṣvapi vyākhyēyam||9-10||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary explains 'ten' as ten combinations, and 'half of that' as three. It then repeats the twenty three-taste combinations as examples; 'sweet-sour-salty' means the combination in which sweet, sour and salty are present, and likewise for the rest.

Key terms

trika: Three-taste combination.

Adhikarana 7 (11-12) · Śloka 12

catuṣkān vakṣyāmaḥ | catuṣkarasasaṁyōgānmadhurō daśa gacchati | caturō'mlō'nugacchēcca lavaṇastvēkamēva tu ||11|| madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭukaḥ(1), madhurāmlalavaṇatiktaḥ(2), madhurāmlalavaṇakaṣāyaḥ(3), madhurāmlakaṭukatiktaḥ(4), madhurāmlakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(5), madhurāmlatiktakaṣāyaḥ(6), madhuralavaṇakaṭukatiktaḥ(7), madhuralavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(8), madhuralavaṇatiktakaṣāyaḥ(9), madhurakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(10), ēvamēṣāṁ daśānāmādau madhuraḥ prayujyatē; amlalavaṇakaṭutiktaḥ(1), amlalavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(2), amlalavaṇatiktakaṣāyaḥ(3), amlakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(4), ēvamēṣāṁ caturṇāmādāvamlaḥ; lavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(1), ēvamēkasyādau lavaṇaḥ; ēvamētē catuṣkarasasaṁyōgāḥ pañcadaśa kīrtitāḥ ||12||

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चतुष्कान् वक्ष्यामः | चतुष्करससंयोगान्मधुरो दश गच्छति | चतुरोऽम्लोऽनुगच्छेच्च लवणस्त्वेकमेव तु ||११|| मधुराम्ललवणकटुकः(१), मधुराम्ललवणतिक्तः(२), मधुराम्ललवणकषायः(३), मधुराम्लकटुकतिक्तः(४), मधुराम्लकटुकषायः(५), मधुराम्लतिक्तकषायः(६), मधुरलवणकटुकतिक्तः(७), मधुरलवणकटुकषायः(८), मधुरलवणतिक्तकषायः(९), मधुरकटुतिक्तकषायः(१०), एवमेषां दशानामादौ मधुरः प्रयुज्यते; अम्ललवणकटुतिक्तः(१), अम्ललवणकटुकषायः(२), अम्ललवणतिक्तकषायः(३), अम्लकटुतिक्तकषायः(४), एवमेषां चतुर्णामादावम्लः; लवणकटुतिक्तकषायः(१), एवमेकस्यादौ लवणः; एवमेते चतुष्करससंयोगाः पञ्चदश कीर्तिताः ||१२||

Meaning of the śloka

We shall describe the four-taste combinations. Among four-taste combinations, sweet goes into ten, sour into four, and salty into one only. Sweet-sour-salty-pungent (1), sweet-sour-salty-bitter (2), sweet-sour-salty-astringent (3), sweet-sour-pungent-bitter (4), sweet-sour-pungent-astringent (5), sweet-sour-bitter-astringent (6), sweet-salty-pungent-bitter (7), sweet-salty-pungent-astringent (8), sweet-salty-bitter-astringent (9), sweet-pungent-bitter-astringent (10): in these ten, sweet is used first; sour-salty-pungent-bitter (1), sour-salty-pungent-astringent (2), sour-salty-bitter-astringent (3), sour-pungent-bitter-astringent (4): in these four, sour first; salty-pungent-bitter-astringent (1): in this one, salty first. Thus these fifteen four-taste combinations are stated.

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catuṣkānityādi| daśēti ‘yōgān’ iti śēṣaḥ| tēṣāṁ catuṣkarasasaṁyōgē pañcadaśasaṅkhyākānāmudāharaṇānyāha- madhurāmlētyādi| madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭukā vidyantē yatra yōgē sa madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭukaḥ; ēvaṁ śēṣēṣvapi||11-12||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says 'ten' means ten combinations, with 'combinations' supplied. It then gives the fifteen four-taste combinations as examples, each named by the tastes present in it.

Key terms

catuṣka: Four-taste combination.

Adhikarana 8 (13-14) · Śloka 14

pañcakān vakṣyāmaḥ | pañcakān pañca madhura ēkamamlastu gacchati ||13|| madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭutiktaḥ(1), madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭukaṣāyaḥ(2), madhurāmlalavaṇatiktakaṣāyaḥ(3), madhurāmlakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(4), madhuralavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(5), ēvamēṣāṁ pañcānāmādau madhuraḥ prayujyatē; amlalavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ(1), ēvamēkasyādāvamlaḥ; ēvamētē ṣaṭ pañcakasaṁyōgā vyākhyātāḥ ||14||

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पञ्चकान् वक्ष्यामः | पञ्चकान् पञ्च मधुर एकमम्लस्तु गच्छति ||१३|| मधुराम्ललवणकटुतिक्तः(१), मधुराम्ललवणकटुकषायः(२), मधुराम्ललवणतिक्तकषायः(३), मधुराम्लकटुतिक्तकषायः(४), मधुरलवणकटुतिक्तकषायः(५), एवमेषां पञ्चानामादौ मधुरः प्रयुज्यते; अम्ललवणकटुतिक्तकषायः(१), एवमेकस्यादावम्लः; एवमेते षट् पञ्चकसंयोगा व्याख्याताः ||१४||

Meaning of the śloka

We shall describe the five-taste combinations. Of the five-taste combinations, sweet goes into five, and sour into one. Sweet-sour-salty-pungent-bitter (1), sweet-sour-salty-pungent-astringent (2), sweet-sour-salty-bitter-astringent (3), sweet-sour-pungent-bitter-astringent (4), sweet-salty-pungent-bitter-astringent (5): in these five, sweet is used first; sour-salty-pungent-bitter-astringent (1): in this one, sour first. Thus these six five-taste combinations are stated.

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pañcakānityādi| pañcakāniti pañcarasasamūhān| pañcēti pañcasaṅkhyākān ‘yōgān’ iti śēṣaḥ| tēṣāmēva ṣaṇṇāmudāharaṇānyāha- madhurāmlētyādi||13-14||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says 'five-taste' means groups of five tastes, and 'five' means five combinations, with 'combinations' supplied. It then gives the six examples.

Key terms

pañcaka: Five-taste combination.

Adhikarana 9 (15) · Śloka 15

ṣaṭkamēkaṁ vakṣyāmaḥ; ēkastu ṣaṭkasaṁyōgaḥ- madhurāmlalavaṇakaṭutiktakaṣāyaḥ; ēṣa ēka ēva ṣaṭsaṁyōgaḥ ||15||

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षट्कमेकं वक्ष्यामः; एकस्तु षट्कसंयोगः- मधुराम्ललवणकटुतिक्तकषायः; एष एक एव षट्संयोगः ||१५||

Meaning of the śloka

We shall describe the one six-taste combination. The one six-taste combination is sweet-sour-salty-pungent-bitter-astringent. This is the only six-taste combination.

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tasya ṣaṭkasyōdāharaṇamāha- madhurāmlētyādi||15||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says the example of that six-taste combination is given: the one containing all six tastes.

Key terms

ṣaṭka: Six-taste combination.

Adhikarana 10 (16) · Śloka 16

ēkaikaśca ṣaḍrasā bhavanti- madhuraḥ(1), amlaḥ(2), lavaṇaḥ(3), kaṭukaḥ(4), tiktaḥ(5), kaṣāyaḥ(6), iti ||16||

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एकैकश्च षड्रसा भवन्ति- मधुरः(१), अम्लः(२), लवणः(३), कटुकः(४), तिक्तः(५), कषायः(६), इति ||१६||

Meaning of the śloka

And there are the six single tastes: sweet (1), sour (2), salty (3), pungent (4), bitter (5), astringent (6).

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ēṣāmudāharaṇānyāha- madhurētyādi||16||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says that examples of these single tastes are given.

Key terms

ekarasa: Single (unmixed) taste.

Adhikarana 11 (17) · Śloka 17

bhavanti cātra- ēṣā triṣaṣṭirvyākhyātā rasānāṁ rasacintakaiḥ | dōṣabhēdatriṣaṣṭyāṁ tu prayōktavyā vicakṣaṇaiḥ ||17||

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भवन्ति चात्र- एषा त्रिषष्टिर्व्याख्याता रसानां रसचिन्तकैः | दोषभेदत्रिषष्ट्यां तु प्रयोक्तव्या विचक्षणैः ||१७||

Meaning of the śloka

Here it is said: these sixty-three varieties of tastes have been explained by those who study tastes; they should be applied by the skilled to the sixty-three varieties of doshas.

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upasaṁhāramāha- bhavati cātrētyādi| anurasō hīnarasaḥ| dōṣabhēdatriṣaṣṭyāṁ dōṣabhēdīyādhyāyē vakṣyamāṇāyām| yadyapi parasparaṁ bhinnāḥ santō rasā bahavō bhavanti, tathā'pi, ṣaṭtvaṁ nātivartantē; yathā vātādidōṣā bahudhā bhinnā api tritvaṁ na tyajanti tathā rasā api ṣaṭtvaṁ nātivartantē||17||

Meaning of the commentary

The commentary says this is the conclusion. 'Anurasa' means a lesser taste. 'In the sixty-three dosha varieties' refers to the chapter on dosha varieties to be stated. Although the tastes, being mutually different, are many, they do not go beyond six, just as the doshas, though divided in many ways, do not give up being three; likewise the tastes do not exceed six.

Key terms

anurasa: Subsidiary or lesser taste.
doṣabheda: Varieties of doshas.

Adhikarana puṣpikā · Śloka 63

iti suśrutasaṁhitāyāmuttaratantrē tantrabhūṣaṇādhyāyēṣu rasabhēdavikalpādhyāyō nāma (prathamaḥ, āditaḥ) triṣaṣṭitamō'dhyāyaḥ ||63||

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इति सुश्रुतसंहितायामुत्तरतन्त्रे तन्त्रभूषणाध्यायेषु रसभेदविकल्पाध्यायो नाम (प्रथमः, आदितः) त्रिषष्टितमोऽध्यायः ||६३||

Meaning of the śloka

Thus ends the sixty-third chapter (the first from the beginning, among the Tantrabhūṣaṇa chapters), named Rasabhedavikalpa, in the Uttaratantra of the Suśruta Saṃhitā.

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iti śrīḍalha(hla)ṇaviracitāyāṁ nibandhasaṅgrahākhyāyāṁ suśrutavyākhyāyāmuttaratantrē triṣaṣṭitamō'dhyāyaḥ||63||

Meaning of the commentary

Thus ends the sixty-third chapter in the Uttaratantra, in the Suśruta commentary called Nibandhasaṅgraha composed by Śrī Ḍalhaṇa.

Key terms

rasabhedavikalpa: Analysis of the varieties of tastes.
nibandhasaṅgraha: Ḍalhaṇa's commentary on the Suśruta Saṃhitā.

← 62. unmādapratiṣēdhādhyāyaḥ 64. svasthavr̥ttādhyāyaḥ →