The chapter on insects and other small biting creatures is introduced. The text says that diverse kīṭas arise from the reproductive material, feces, urine, decaying dead bodies, and eggs of snakes. They are assigned respectively to vāyu, agni, and ambu constitutions; a fourth group, formed through a combination, is associated with all the doṣas. Although classed as kīṭas, these are described as extremely dangerous, making four groups in all.
The commentary says the chapter will describe the causes, characteristics, number, effects, and treatment of kīṭas. It relates the first three origins to darvīkara, maṇḍalin, and rājimat snakes and correspondingly to vāyu, agni, and ambu. Śavapūti means decay of a dead snake's body. The fourth group is explained through pariṇāma: unlike categories combine to produce an offspring called vaikarañja. Because this mixed snake lineage is held to disturb all three doṣas, its kīṭas are called especially dreadful. The four categories are then counted together.
Key terms
kīṭa
A broad textual category of insects or other small biting and stinging creatures.
vāyvagnyambuprakṛti (vāyu-agni-ambu-prakṛti)
Constitutions assigned respectively to air, fire, and water in the text's classification.
pariṇāma
Combination of different kinds into a new product, as explained here.
vaikarañja
The mixed offspring invoked by the commentary to explain the fourth group.
Eighteen kīṭas are named: kumbhīnasa, tuṇḍikerī, śṛṅgī, śatakulieraka, ucciṭiṅga, agnināman, cicciṭiṅga, mayūrikā, āvartaka, urabhra, sārikāmukha, vaidala, śarāvakurda, abhīrāji, paruṣa, citraśīrṣaka, śatabāhu, and raktarāji. They are classed as vāyavya, said to aggravate pavana, and their bites are said to produce disorders attributed to vāta.
The commentary states that these regional creature names should be learned from local people because earlier commentators did not explain their identities. Disorders caused by vāta include pricking pain and also conditions such as fever. Among this group, śṛṅgī, ucciṭiṅga, śarāvakurda, and citraśīrṣaka are excluded from a subset described as having poison in the biting mouthparts; the remaining fourteen are placed in that subset.
Key terms
vāyavya
Belonging to the vāyu-associated group.
pavanakopana (pavana-kopana)
Said to aggravate vāta or pavana.
mukhasandaṃśaviṣa (mukhasandaṃśa-viṣa)
Described as having harmful potency in the biting mouthparts.
Twenty-four kīṭas are named, beginning with kauṇḍinyaka and ending with utkleśaka. They are classed as having an agni constitution, and their bites are said to cause disorders attributed to pitta.
The commentary records that some read viluṭa in place of bindula. Pitta-associated effects include burning and conditions such as fever. Fourteen members of this group are described as having poison in their biting mouthparts; the commentary excludes kauṇḍinyaka, varaṭī, bhramara, picciṭa, varcaḥkīṭa, makara, śatapada, pañcālaka, pākamatsya, and kṛṣṇatuṇḍa from that subset.
Key terms
agniprakṛti (agni-prakṛti)
Having a fire-associated constitution in this classification.
pittanimittaja (pitta-nimittaja)
Regarded as arising from pitta in the passage.
dāha
Burning sensation.
bindula / viluṭa
Alternative transmitted names for one listed creature.
Thirteen kīṭas are named, from viśvambhara through troṭaka. They are called saumya, are said to aggravate śleṣman, and their bites are described as producing disorders attributed to kapha.
The commentary associates this group with kapha-related conditions such as itching and fever. Of the thirteen, viśvambhara, pracalaka, kṛṣṇagodhā, and kāṣāyavāsika are excluded from the subset said to have poison in the biting mouthparts; the other nine are included.
Key terms
saumya
Associated here with the water or soma-related, kapha-linked group.
śleṣmaprakopaṇa (śleṣma-prakopaṇa)
Said to aggravate śleṣman or kapha.
kaṇḍū
Itching.
mukhasandaṃśaviṣa (mukhasandaṃśa-viṣa)
A subset described as harmful through its biting mouthparts.
Twelve kīṭas are named, beginning with tuṅgīnāsa and ending with agnikīṭa, and are called destroyers of life. Their bites are said to show successive stages like snakebite, with intense kinds of pricking pain, burning, and itching, systemic disorders attributed to all three doṣas, and a bite resembling injury by alkali or fire. The site may be red-yellow, white, or reddish-brown.
The commentary treats these as creatures of a combined doṣa constitution and explains the varied pains as pricking, burning, itching, and related sensations, while the diseases include fever and similar systemic effects. The bite colors are apportioned to pitta, kapha, and vāta respectively. Vāhaka, sarṣapa, and śambūka are excluded from the nine in this group described as having poison in the biting mouthparts.
Key terms
prāṇanāśana (prāṇa-nāśana)
Described by the text as life-destroying.
vegajñāna (vega-jñāna)
Recognition of successive manifestations or stages, compared here with snakebite.
sānnipātika
Attributed to the combined involvement of all three doṣas.
The text lists fever, body ache, horripilation, pain, vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, burning, fainting, yawning, tremor, difficult breathing, hiccup, severe heat or cold, increasing eruptions, swelling, nodules, circular lesions, spreading or ring-like eruptions, raised margins, inflammatory spread, and rough lesions. It says bitten persons develop these and other complications according to the particular creature. Additional distinctions among creatures of strong potency should be identified quickly by observing aggravation of dūṣīviṣa and exposure to poisonous applications or food.
The commentary introduces a distinction between strong and mild harmful potency across all four groups. The word ca indicates that the burning, like the cold, may be severe. Yathāsvam means according to the doṣa assigned to the particular kīṭa. Other complications of strongly harmful kīṭas should be stated promptly after observing disturbance attributed to dūṣīviṣa. The difficult phrase viṣalepana is interpreted here through lepa as food, thus as observing consumption of poisoned food; the commentary also notes an elided grammatical element.
Key terms
mūrcchā
Fainting or loss of consciousness.
śvāsa
Difficult or labored breathing.
dūṣīviṣa
A persistent or residual harmful substance in the text's toxicological framework.
viṣalepana (viṣa-lepana)
An uncertain expression interpreted by the commentary as exposure through poisoned food.
Adhikarana ೭ (೨೩) · Śloka ೨೪
...ಚ್ಛೃಣು ಮನ್ದವಿಷೇಷ್ವತಃ |
ಪ್ರಸೇಕಾರೋಚಕಚ್ಛರ್ದಿಶಿರೋಗೌರವಶೀತಕಾಃ ||೨೩||
ಪಿಡಕಾಕೋಠಕಣ್ಡೂನಾಂ ಜನ್ಮ ದೋಷವಿಭಾಗತಃ |೨೪|
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...च्छृणु मन्दविषेष्वतः |
प्रसेकारोचकच्छर्दिशिरोगौरवशीतकाः ||२३||
पिडकाकोठकण्डूनां जन्म दोषविभागतः |२४|
Meaning of the śloka
For creatures described as having mild harmful potency, the text lists excessive salivation, loss of appetite, vomiting, heaviness of the head, and a mild sensation of cold. Eruptions, wheals, and itching arise according to the doṣa grouping.
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ಶೃಣು ಮನ್ದವಿಷೇಷ್ವಿತ್ಯಾದಿ| ಶೀತಕೋ ಅಲ್ಪಂ ಶೀತಂ, ಕೋಠಾದೀನಾಂ ಜನ್ಮ ಯಥಾ ಕೀಟದೋಷವಿಭಾಗೇನ||೨೩||-
Meaning of the commentary
The commentary glosses śītaka as a small or mild degree of cold. It says the appearance of wheals and related lesions varies according to the doṣa assigned to the kīṭa.
Key terms
mandaviṣa (manda-viṣa)
Described as having comparatively mild harmful potency.
praseka
Excessive salivation.
koṭha
A wheal-like skin eruption.
śītaka
A mild sensation of cold, according to the commentary.
योगैर्नानाविधैरेषां चूर्णानि गरमादिशेत् ||२४||
दूषीविषप्रकाराणां तथा चाप्यनुलेपनात् |२५|
Meaning of the śloka
The text says that powders made from these creatures can become gara when combined in various formulations. It likewise associates external application with forms of dūṣīviṣa.
The commentary explains that powders of kīṭa bodies, when combined with different substances or applied externally, are said to acquire the character of gara. It quotes Ālambāyana on identifying kīṭas through spots, lines, wings, feet, mouths, claws, bristles, spines, tails, attached hairs, sounds, size, shape, bodily signs, and harmful potency. Further quotations describe several named creatures by appearance and supposed mode of harm. The commentary stresses that effects are not restricted to a bite or bristle-contact: eating them, being dusted with their powders, or contact with their urine and similar matter is also said to cause dūṣīviṣa signs. It notes that introductory wording read by Jejjaṭa and Gayadāsa is absent from the available manuscripts.
Key terms
gara
A compounded harmful substance in the text's toxicological classification.
dūṣīviṣa
A persistent or residual harmful condition attributed here to ingestion or contact.
śūka
A bristle or spine treated as a possible means of injury.
rūpajñāna (rūpa-jñāna)
Recognition by visible form and other described characteristics.
The text next distinguishes creatures within a single kind, describing their bite signs and their order of treatability. Trikaṇṭa, kariṇī, hastikakṣa, and aparājita are presented as four varieties of kaṇabha that cause intense pain. Their bites are said to produce swelling, body ache, heaviness of the limbs, and a black bite site.
The commentary says that, after classifying kīṭas by vāta, pitta, kapha, and their combination, the text groups related varieties together because their signs and treatment are shared. Kaṇabha is the common kind and the four names are its varieties; some read krukaṇṭaka instead of trikaṇṭaka. All kaṇabhas are described as four-footed kīṭas and as treatable.
Key terms
ekajāti (eka-jāti)
Belonging to one common kind despite named varieties.
kaṇabha
The shared creature category containing the four named varieties.
Five godherakas are named: pratisūryaka, one of tawny appearance, bahuvarṇa, nirūpama, and godheraka proper. Their bites are said to cause swelling, burning, and pain; godheraka itself is additionally associated with nodules and fever.
The commentary preserves an alternate verse naming pratisūrya, piṅganāsa, bahuloma, mahāśiras, and nirūpama as five gaudherakas. That reading compares their bite stages with snakebite and mentions varied pains and severe nodules. Another text gives a mythic origin from a black snake and a monitor lizard and declares its bite fatal. These are reported as textual traditions rather than reconciled conclusions.
Key terms
godheraka / gaudheraka
A historically named creature group of uncertain modern identity.
granthi
A nodule or localized lump.
vegajñāna (vega-jñāna)
Successive manifestations compared in the alternate reading with snakebite stages.
na jīvati
A fatal prognosis asserted by the quoted external text.
Six galagolikās are named. Except for sarṣapikā, their bites are said to cause burning, swelling, and moisture or discharge; sarṣapikā is associated with distress at the heart and diarrhea and is called fatal. Eight śatapadīs are then listed; their bites cause swelling, pain, and burning at the heart, with the white and fire-like kinds additionally causing extreme burning, fainting, and white eruptions. Eight maṇḍūkas are also listed; their bites cause itching and yellow froth from the mouth, while bhṛkuṭī and koṭika are said additionally to cause extreme burning, vomiting, and fainting.
The commentary declares bhṛkuṭī and koṭika incurable. It quotes another text explaining a mythic origin of maṇḍūkas from snake reproductive material deposited during the rains in water lying on sun-heated ground. The same quotation calls a creature with a cow-like gait koṭika and asserts that its bite is fatal and has no remedy. These claims are preserved as the cited tradition.
Key terms
galagolikā
A sixfold creature group in the text, of uncertain modern identity.
śatapadī
A many-footed creature group divided here into eight types.
maṇḍūka
A frog-like or named creature group in this historical classification.
A bite by viśvambharā is described as becoming covered with painful eruptions the size of mustard seeds, and the affected person is said to suffer from fever with chills.
Bites attributed to ahiṇḍukā are said to cause pricking pain, burning, itching, swelling, and confusion. A bite by kaṇḍūmaka is associated with yellow discoloration, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and related illness. With śūkavṛntā, itching and wheals increase, and a bristle is said to be visible at the site.
The commentary records disagreement about whether these separate bite descriptions belong in the text. Some omit them because ahiṇḍukā, kaṇḍūmaka, and śūkavṛntā are taken as varieties already included under viśvambharā. Others retain separate descriptions because separate treatment is prescribed for them.
Key terms
moha
Confusion or impaired awareness.
pītāṅga (pīta-aṅga)
Yellow discoloration of the body.
koṭha
Wheal-like eruptions.
śūka
A bristle or spine said to remain visible at the site.
Six kinds of pipīlikā are listed; their bites are said to cause swelling and burning like contact with fire. Six makṣikās are listed; their bites cause itching, swelling, burning, and pain, while sthālikā and kāṣāyī are additionally associated with dark eruptions and complications such as fever and are called fatal. Five maśakas are listed; their bites cause intense itching and swelling, and the mountain variety is compared with life-threatening kīṭas. Scratching with the nails is said to produce severe eruptions, burning, and suppuration. The text refers elsewhere for leech-bite signs and treatment, then lists godheraka, sthālikā, the white and fire-like varieties, bhṛkuṭī, and koṭika as unsuccessful to treat within their respective groups.
The commentary explains that the verse gathers five incurable examples from these single-kind groups while using ca to add further unexpressed members: kāṣāyī together with sthālikā, sarṣapikā among the galagolikās, and indrāyudhā among the leeches. Thus the commentary expands the list beyond the creatures stated directly in the verse.
Key terms
pipīlikā
An ant-like creature category divided here into six kinds.
makṣikā
A fly-like creature category divided here into six kinds.
maśaka
A mosquito or gnat-like category divided here into five kinds.
Contact with the poisonous remains, urine, or feces of these creatures is said to cause itching, burning, wheals, tenderness, eruptions, pricking, and pain. A moist discharge may occur and severely inflame or suppurate the skin. The text directs that the treatment used for a wound from a poison-smeared weapon be applied.
The commentary introduces signs associated with external dusting or contact by powders from these creatures and then points to treatment. It explains that prakledavān refers to the area touched by the supposedly poisonous powder.
Key terms
avamarśana
Physical contact or rubbing against the described materials.
prakleda
Moistness or weeping at the affected site.
pāka
Inflammation, maturation, or suppuration of tissue.
digdhaviddha (digdha-viddha)
A wound caused by a poison-smeared weapon, used as the treatment analogy.
Adhikarana ೧೬ (೪೧) · Śloka ೪೧
ನಾವಸನ್ನಂ ನ ಚೋತ್ಸನ್ನಮತಿಸಂರಮ್ಭವೇದನಮ್ |
ದಂಶಾದೌ ವಿಪರೀತಾರ್ತಿ ಕೀಟದಷ್ಟಂ ಸುಬಾಧಕಮ್ ||೪೧||
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नावसन्नं न चोत्सन्नमतिसंरम्भवेदनम् |
दंशादौ विपरीतार्ति कीटदष्टं सुबाधकम् ||४१||
Meaning of the śloka
A kīṭa bite that is neither deeply depressed nor markedly raised, yet has extreme inflammation and pain, and whose pain is contrary to what is expected at the beginning of the bite, is described as very difficult to treat.
The commentary explains avasanna as excessively indented and utsanna as excessively elevated. Even without either appearance, extreme local disturbance and pain signal difficulty. Viparītārti is explained as a reversed pain pattern: a less potent bite produces severe pain, whereas a strongly potent bite may produce little pain. Such a condition is called kṛcchrasādhya, treatable only with difficulty.
Key terms
atisaṃrambha (ati-saṃrambha)
Extreme local inflammation or disturbance.
viparītārti (viparīta-ārti)
A pain response described as contrary to the expected potency.
ugraviṣa (ugra-viṣa)
Strong harmful potency in the historical classification.
A person bitten by kīṭas of strong harmful potency should, according to the text, be managed like a person bitten by a snake. For the preceding three groups, treatment is said to follow their threefold differentiation.
The commentary identifies the strongly harmful kīṭas as life-threatening creatures of a combined three-doṣa constitution. 'Like snakebite' means applying the measures described for the successive manifestations of snakebite. The preceding three groups are linked by origin to darvīkara, maṇḍalin, and rājimat snakes, and the threefold treatment is differentiated according to vāta, pitta, and kapha.
Key terms
ugraviṣa (ugra-viṣa)
Strong harmful potency, associated here with life-threatening creatures.
sarpavat (sarpa-vat)
In the manner prescribed for snakebite in the text.
trividhā (tri-vidhā)
The three preceding creature groups.
traividhya (trai-vidhya)
Threefold differentiation, explained as vāta, pitta, and kapha.
Adhikarana ೧೮ (೪೩) · Śloka ೪೪
ಸ್ವೇದಮಾಲೇಪನಂ ಸೇಕಂ ಚೋಷ್ಣಮತ್ರಾವಚಾರಯೇತ್ |
ಅನ್ಯತ್ರ ಮೂರ್ಚ್ಛಿತಾದ್ದಂಶಾತ್ ಪಾಕಕೋಥಪ್ರಪೀಡಿತಾತ್ ||೪೩||
ವಿಷಘ್ನಂ ಚ ವಿಧಿಂ ಸರ್ವಂ ಬಹುಶಃ ಶೋಧನಾನಿ ಚ |೪೪|
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स्वेदमालेपनं सेकं चोष्णमत्रावचारयेत् |
अन्यत्र मूर्च्छिताद्दंशात् पाककोथप्रपीडितात् ||४३||
विषघ्नं च विधिं सर्वं बहुशः शोधनानि च |४४|
Meaning of the śloka
The text prescribes warm fomentation, applications, and pouring treatments, except when the bite is associated with fainting, suppuration, or tissue decay. It further directs repeated use of the full antidotal regimen and purificatory measures.
The commentary says that fomentation should not be used when fainting is present. The antidotal regimen is explained as pacifying measures prepared from substances assigned against vāta and other poison effects, including drinks, nasal administration, oiling, applications, pouring, and collyria. Purification refers to emesis, purgation, and evacuative enema, with the unstated qualification that these be selected according to the doṣa.
Key terms
sveda
Warm fomentation or heat treatment.
seka
Pouring a liquid over the affected area.
pākakotha (pāka-kotha)
Suppuration and tissue decay or necrosis.
śodhana
Purificatory procedures such as emesis, purgation, or evacuative enema in the commentary.
For fomentation, the text describes an utkārikā prepared from śirīṣa, kaṭukā, kuṣṭha, vacā, rajanī, and saindhava together with milk, marrow, fat, ghee, dry ginger, pippalī, and dāru, or alternatively a preparation based on the sthirādi group.
The commentary glosses utkārikā as a thick cooked paste and sthirādi as the group beginning with śālaparṇī. Sukṛtā means properly prepared. It explains this as the finely ground śirīṣa and related substances cooked with milk and the other liquids in suitable proportions so that the result is neither excessively fluid nor too dry.
Key terms
utkārikā
A thick cooked paste used here for historical fomentation.
sthirādi
A plant group beginning with śālaparṇī, according to the commentary.
saindhava
Rock salt in the listed compound.
svedana
Application of warmth or fomentation.
Adhikarana ೨೦ (೪೬) · Śloka ೪೬
ನ ಸ್ವೇದಯೇತ ಚಾದಂಶಂ ಧೂಮಂ ವಕ್ಷ್ಯಾಮಿ ವೃಶ್ಚಿಕೇ |೪೬|
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न स्वेदयेत चादंशं धूमं वक्ष्यामि वृश्चिके |४६|
Meaning of the śloka
The text says that a scorpion sting should not be subjected to fomentation and announces that a fumigation for this condition will be described later.
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ಮುಕ್ತ್ವಾ ಕೀಟವಿಷಮಿತ್ಯನೇನ ಹೇತುನಾ ಸರ್ವೇಷ್ವೇವ ಕೀಟೇಷು ಸ್ವೇದಂ ಪ್ರಸಕ್ತಂ ಕ್ವಚಿನ್ನಿರಸ್ಯನ್ನಾಹ- ನ ಸ್ವೇದಯೇತೇತ್ಯಾದಿ| ವೃಶ್ಚಿಕವಿಷೇ ದಂಶಂ ನ ಸ್ವೇದಯೇತ, ಆಙೋ ವ್ಯವಹಿತಸ್ಯಾಪಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದೇನ ಸಮ್ಬನ್ಧಾತ್| ತತ್ರಾಪಿ ಕಿಞ್ಚಿದೂಷ್ಮಸ್ವೇದಮಾಹ- ಧೂಮಮಿತ್ಯಾದಿ| ಧೂಮಶ್ಚ `ಶಿಖಿಕುಕ್ಕುಟಬರ್ಹಾಣಿ’ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿನಾಽಗ್ರೇ ವಕ್ತವ್ಯಃ| ನ ಸ್ವೇದಯೇತ ಚಾದಂಶಮಿತ್ಯತ್ರ ಚಕಾರೋ ಭಿನ್ನಕ್ರಮೇ ಧೂಮಂ ಚೇತ್ಯತ್ರ ದ್ರಷ್ಟವ್ಯಃ; ತೇನ ಮನ್ದವಿಷವೃಶ್ಚಿಕದಷ್ಟಸ್ಯೋತ್ಕಾರಿಕಾಸ್ವೇದ ಉಕ್ತೋ ನ ವಿರುಧ್ಯತೇ|೪೬|-
Meaning of the commentary
The commentary explains that a general recommendation of fomentation for kīṭa poison is restricted here: the scorpion sting site should not be heated. By syntactic connection, the later mention of smoke belongs to this instruction. A later formula beginning with peacock and cock feathers is intended. The commentary relocates the word ca with 'smoke' and says this does not conflict with a mild utkārikā fomentation mentioned for a scorpion of mild potency.
Key terms
vṛścika
Scorpion.
sveda
Fomentation or heating, prohibited at the sting site in this verse.
dhūma
Smoke or fumigation promised for later description.
mandaviṣa (manda-viṣa)
A scorpion classified as having mild harmful potency in the commentary's reconciliation.
The text says it will describe separate antidotal preparations for the various individual kinds. For the poison attributed to trikaṇṭaka, it lists kuṣṭha, vakra, vacā, pāṭhā, bilva root, suvarcikā, household soot, and the two haridrās as beneficial.
After giving treatment for sixty-seven insects grouped into four doṣa-based types, the commentary begins separate treatment for fifty-four individually named kinds, excluding scorpions and lūtās. It identifies vakra as tagara and suvarcikā as svarjikākṣāra. Trikaṇṭaka is used prominently to indicate related creatures such as kaṇabha; the word agada, antidote, is understood after 'beneficial.'
Key terms
agada
An antidotal preparation in the historical toxicology system.
trikaṇṭaka
The named creature whose supposed poison is addressed here, also standing for related kinds.
For bites attributed to galagolikā, the verse lists rajanī, household soot, vakra, kuṣṭha, and a product of palāśa as an antidote said to destroy poison.
Because treatment of pratisūryaka and the following kinds is given later, the commentary introduces the regimen for galagolikā here. It supplies the omitted word 'seed' after palāśaja, making the ingredient palāśa seed.
Key terms
galagolikā
The named biting creature in this passage; its modern identification is uncertain.
palāśaja
Something derived from palāśa, specified by the commentary as its seed.
A water-ground preparation of kuṅkuma, tagara, śigru, padmaka, and both rajanīs is said to counter poison attributed to śatapad. A second preparation of meṣaśṛṅgī, vacā, pāṭhā, nicula, rohiṇī, and jala is said to remove poison from all frog bites.
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ನಿಚುಲೋ ವೇತಸಃ, ಜಲಂ ವಾಲಕಮ್||೪೯-೫೦||
Meaning of the commentary
The commentary identifies nicula as vetasa and jala as vālaka, without adding further explanation.
Key terms
śatapad
Literally 'hundred-footed,' a named arthropod category in the text.
maṇḍūka
Frog, treated here as a source of a harmful bite.
nicula
Identified by the commentary as vetasa.
jala
Read here as the plant vālaka rather than ordinary water.
For people bitten by kaṇḍūmaka, cooling measures are said to help at night but fail by day because these creatures are described as strengthened by sunlight. For poison attributed to śūkavṛnta, vakra, kuṣṭha, and apāmārga are listed, or dark anthill earth ground with bhṛṅga juice. For ant, fly, and mosquito bites, dark anthill earth mixed with cow urine is prescribed as a paste; bhṛṅga juice is said to help swelling produced after scratching with a nail.
The commentary explains 'sun-ray-powered' as describing kaṇḍūmakas whose strength comes from sunlight. It assigns cow-urine-mixed dark anthill earth to bites by ants, flies, and mosquitoes, and juice of mārkava or bhṛṅgarāja to swelling after nail scratching. Gayadāsa reads the construction differently: bhṛṅgarāja-ground anthill earth is applied to those three bites, while cow-urine-mixed earth and mārkava juice apply to the scratched swelling. Both arrangements are preserved.
Key terms
kaṇḍūmaka
A named biting creature associated with itching; exact identification is uncertain.
śūkavṛnta
A named harmful creature or exposure category in the verse.
kṛṣṇavalmīkamṛttikā
Dark earth from an anthill.
bhṛṅgarāja
The plant whose juice is prescribed externally.
Adhikarana ೨೭ (೫೬) · Śloka ೫೬
ಪ್ರತಿಸೂರ್ಯಕದಷ್ಟಾನಾಂ ಸರ್ಪದಷ್ಟವದಾಚರೇತ್ |೫೬|
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प्रतिसूर्यकदष्टानां सर्पदष्टवदाचरेत् |५६|
Meaning of the śloka
The text directs that a person bitten by pratisūryaka be treated in the same manner as a person bitten by a snake.
Having completed the individually named insects, the text begins scorpions. The commentary asks why scorpions and lūtās are treated separately and answers that their poison requires distinct therapeutic consideration.
गोशकृत्कोथजा मन्दा मध्याः काष्ठेष्टिकोद्भवाः |
सर्पकोथोद्भवास्तीक्ष्णा ये चान्ये विषसम्भवाः ||५७||
Meaning of the śloka
Scorpions said to arise from decomposed cattle dung are classed as mildly poisonous; those from decayed wood or bricks as intermediate; and those from decomposed snakes, or from other poisonous origins, as sharply poisonous.
The commentary broadens 'cow' to other livestock and 'dung' to other excreta, so the mild group is said to arise from decomposing dung or urine of cattle, buffalo, and similar animals. Other poison-derived scorpions are also classed as severe. It preserves an alternate reading: severe kinds arise from decomposed snakes or bodies killed by poisoned wounds, intermediate kinds from the decomposition of cattle and similar animals, and lower kinds from decomposed dung.
Key terms
koṭha
Decay or decomposition described as the place of origin.
tīkṣṇa
Sharp or severe in poisonous effect.
digdha-viddha
Wounded by something smeared with poison, in the alternate reading.
The commentary gives these class counts but records Gayadāsa's different reading: thirteen life-threatening kinds, three intermediate kinds, and eleven of mild potency, for a total of twenty-seven scorpions.
Key terms
manda
The mild category.
madhya
The intermediate category.
prāṇahara
Life-taking or fatal, in Gayadāsa's alternate count.
The twelve mild scorpions are described by colors and textures—black, dark, mottled, pale, urine-colored, rough, deep black, yellow, smoky, hairy, grass-colored, or red—and as having a white abdomen. They are said to have more tail joints than the other classes. Their sting causes pain, trembling, bodily stiffness, and discharge of dark-red material. When an extremity is stung, pain travels upward, with burning, sweating, swelling at the sting, and fever.
The commentary applies the white abdomen to all twelve. It says upward-moving pain is stated here mainly as a general feature of all three scorpion classes. The mild group is distinguished from the others by a greater number of tail segments.
Three intermediate scorpions are described as red or yellow with a tawny abdomen, while all are also said to have a smoky abdomen and three tail joints. They are held to arise from the putrid urine, feces, and eggs of the three snake classes. Each is said to produce a doṣa disturbance corresponding to the snake lineage from which it arose. Their sting causes swelling of the tongue, obstruction of eating, and severe fainting.
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ಮಧ್ಯವಿಷಾಣಾಂ ಲಕ್ಷಣಕರ್ಮಾಣ್ಯಾಹ- ರಕ್ತ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ| ಕಪಿಲೇನ ಸಹ ರಕ್ತಃ ಪೀತಶ್ಚೇತಿ ತ್ರಯಃ| ಏತೇ ಚ ತ್ರಯೋಽಪ್ಯುದರೇಣ ಧೂಮ್ರಾಃ| ಪೂರ್ವತ್ರ ಕಾಷ್ಠೇಷ್ಟಿಕೋದ್ಭವತ್ವಮಿಹ ತು ಸರ್ಪಮೂತ್ರೋಚ್ಚಾರಾದಿಸಮ್ಭವತ್ವಮಿತ್ಯುಭಯಹೇತೂಪಾದಾನಾದ್ ವ್ಯಸ್ತಸಮಸ್ತೋಭಯಹೇತೂದ್ಭವತ್ವಂ ಮಧ್ಯಾನಾಂ ಬೋದ್ಧವ್ಯಮ್| ದಿಗ್ಧವಿದ್ಧಸರ್ಪದಷ್ಟಾನಾಂ ಚ ಶರೀರಕೋಥೇ ಮಧ್ಯಾನಾಂ ಜನ್ಮ ಮತಾನ್ತರೇಣ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿತಮೇವ| ತ್ರಿಪ್ರಕಾರೋರಗಾಣಾಮಿತ್ಯಾದಿ ದರ್ವೀಕರಾದಿಭೇದೇನ ತ್ರಿಪ್ರಕಾರಾಣಾಮೇತೇಷಾಂ ಯಸ್ಯಾನ್ವಯಾದ್ಯೋ ಯಾದೃಕ್ ಪ್ರಸೂತಃ ಸ ತತ್ಸ್ವರೂಪಾಂ ದೋಷೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿಂ ಕುರ್ಯಾತ್||೬೧-೬೨||-
Meaning of the commentary
The commentary reads the three as red, yellow, and tawny, all with smoky abdomens. It reconciles the earlier account of origin in wood and bricks with this one by allowing separate or combined causes; it also recalls another view in which intermediate scorpions arise from bodies of snakes killed by poisoned wounds. The three snake lineages are the darvīkara and the other established classes, and the resulting doṣa disturbance is said to resemble the particular lineage.
The highly poisonous scorpions are described through many color combinations and through having one, none, two, or even many tail joints. Varied and fearsome in appearance, they are called thieves of life and are said to arise from decomposed snakes or bodies killed by poison. Their sting is described as producing a course like snake envenomation, blisters, confusion, burning, and fever; intense dark blood is said to issue from the body openings, followed by rapid death.
The commentary says these severe kinds also cause the tongue swelling and related signs given for the intermediate group. A parva is the junction of two bones or segments; the text's conjunction allows scorpions with many segments as well as those with one, none, or two. Khebhyaḥ means from the bodily channels or openings. The final bleeding sign is treated as an ariṣṭa, a grave prognostic sign.
Key terms
prāṇacaura
Literally 'thief of life,' marking the class as deadly in the text.
A sting from a severe or intermediate scorpion is to be treated like snakebite. The text then describes warming the sting, making small incisions, and rubbing it with powders made from rajanī, rock salt, vyoṣa, and śirīṣa fruit and flowers.
Because severe fainting is said to resemble the sixth and seventh stages of snake envenomation, the commentary directs snakebite treatment even for the intermediate class. It explains pratisāraṇa as rubbing, intended historically to promote discharge of impure blood. It also begins explaining a following formula: mātuluṅga sour liquid is citron juice, while surasāgraja is read as a tulasī shoot, though some identify it as a jasmine flower.
Key terms
pracchita
Subjected to small incisions in the described historical procedure.
pratisāraṇa
Rubbing a powder onto the site.
vyoṣa
A pungent medicinal grouping named in the powder.
surasāgraja
Read as a tulasī shoot, with jasmine flower as an alternative.
मातुलुङ्गाम्लगोमूत्रपिष्टं च सुरसाग्रजम् ||६८||
लेपे, स्वेदे सुखोष्णं च गोमयं हितमिष्यते |
पाने क्षौद्रयुतं सर्पिः क्षीरं वा बहुशर्करम् ||६९||
दंशं मन्दविषाणां तु चक्रतैलेन सेचयेत् |
विदारीगणसिद्धेन सुखोष्णेनाथवा पुनः ||७०||
कुर्याच्चोत्कारिकास्वेदं विषघ्नैरुपनाहयेत् |
गुडोदकं वा सुहिमं चातुर्जातकसंयुतम् ||७१||
पानमस्मै प्रदातव्यं क्षीरं वा सगुडं हिमम् |
शिखिकुक्कुटबर्हाणि सैन्धवं तैलसर्पिषी ||७२||
धूमो हन्ति प्रयुक्तस्तु शीघ्रं वृश्चिकजं विषम् |
कुसुम्भपुष्पं रजनी निशा वा कोद्रवं तृणम् ||७३||
एभिर्घृताक्तैर्धूपस्तु पायुदेशे प्रयोजितः |
नाशयेदाशु कीटोत्थं वृश्चिकस्य च यद्विषम् ||७४||
Meaning of the śloka
The passage continues historical scorpion treatment with a paste ground in citron juice and cow urine, warm cow dung for fomentation, and ghee with honey or heavily sweetened milk to drink. For mildly poisonous stings it describes pouring wheel-pressed sesame oil or warm oil prepared with the vidārī group, warm poultices, cool jaggery water with cāturjātaka, or cool milk with jaggery. It also prescribes smoke made from peacock and chicken feathers, rock salt, oil, and ghee, and fumigation at the anal region using ghee-smeared safflower flower, rajanī or niśā, kodrava, and grass, claiming rapid removal of insect or scorpion poison.
The commentary identifies cakrataila as sesame oil pressed by a wheel and says the wording excludes hand or other mechanical pressing. It supplies 'oil' after the vidārī group. Utkārikā is a gruel-like warm poultice previously prepared with śirīṣa and other poison-countering substances; upanāha means a warm poultice using such drugs. Barhāṇi means feathers. The preceding explanations assign ghee with honey when vāta predominates and heavily sweetened milk when pitta predominates, and explain warm cow dung as intended against vāta and kapha.
Key terms
cakrataila
Wheel-pressed sesame oil according to the commentary.
Lūtā poison is described as extremely grave, very difficult to recognize, and especially difficult for physicians of limited understanding to treat. When there is doubt whether poison is present, the text advises a poison-countering measure that is non-conflicting.
The commentary introduces the causes, signs, and treatment of lūtā poison. It glosses 'most grave' as difficult to cure and 'most difficult to know' as recognizable only with great difficulty. Because of that uncertainty, it recommends a poison-countering measure in doubtful cases. It interprets avirodhi here as food and drink that do not conflict with the bodily tissues, not the preparation of an agada, which it says may conflict with them.
Key terms
lūtā
A class of arthropod in the text, often rendered broadly as spider; exact species cannot be assumed.
durvijñeya
Very difficult to identify or understand.
avirodhi
Not incompatible with the bodily tissues; applied here to food and drink.
The use of antidotes is said to be appropriate when a person is affected by poison, but to cause illness when given to someone without poison. Therefore the physician must make every effort to determine whether poison is truly present; treating without knowing this may kill the patient.
प्रोद्भिद्यमानस्तु यथाऽङ्कुरेण न व्यक्तजातिः प्रविभाति वृक्षः |
तद्वद्दुरालक्ष्यतमं हि तासां विषं शरीरे प्रविकीर्णमात्रम् ||७९||
Meaning of the śloka
Just as a newly sprouting tree does not yet clearly reveal its species, lūtā poison is said to be especially difficult to recognize when it has only just begun to spread through the body.
The commentary presents the sprouting tree as an analogy for the difficulty of recognizing lūtā poison. Pravikīrṇamātra means that it has only initially dispersed and remains limited in extent.
The text describes a staged course: on the first day, slight itching, movement or instability, a wheal, and indistinct color; on the second, swelling at the edges, a depressed center, and clearer appearance; on the third, fuller signs; on the fourth, aggravation; and afterward, disorders attributed to the aggravated poison. By the sixth day it is said to spread and strongly involve vital regions, and by the seventh an extreme, body-wide condition is said to kill the person.
The commentary explains īṣatsakaṇḍu as mildly itchy and pracala as tending to move. Gayadāsa instead reads prabala, interpreting the condition as slight on day one and progressively stronger thereafter. Sakoṭha means having a wheal like the site of a wasp sting. The third-day form is supplemented from another text with fever, horripilation, a red circular lesion, a dish-like painful shape, and discharge from hair follicles. 'Aggravation' means moving abnormally, producing poison-related disorders on the fifth day. Some read a phrase emphasizing thirst, burning, and severe itching.
Key terms
koṭha
A wheal compared with a wasp-sting lesion.
pracala
Mobile or unstable; Gayadāsa instead reads prabala, strong.
Lūtās described as having sharp, fierce, unbearable poison are said to kill within seven nights. Those of intermediate potency are said to kill later, and those of lesser potency within a fortnight. The physician is therefore urged to act diligently with poison-countering measures from the moment of the bite.
The commentary gives time limits for the sharp, intermediate, and mild categories. It explains tīkṣṇa as causing burning, suppuration, and discharge; caṇḍa as causing intense agitation or aggravation; and ugra as unbearable because it combines those qualities. It infers that 'later' for the intermediate class means beyond eleven days, citing Ālambāyana: sharply poisonous lūtās kill in seven, eight, or nine days, while intermediate poison acts after the eleventh day.
Key terms
tīkṣṇa
Sharp, explained as causing burning, suppuration, and discharge.
The text says that lūtā release poison in seven ways—through saliva, claws, urine, fangs, menstrual discharge, feces, and semen—and that its potency may be severe, moderate, or mild. Poison conveyed by saliva is described as causing itching and wheals, with a firm lesion, a small base, and little pain. Injury by the claw-tip causes swelling, itching, horripilation, and a sensation as though smoke were rising from the limbs. A urine-associated lesion is fissured, dark at the center, and red at the margin; a fang lesion is severe, hard, discolored, firm, and circular. Poison associated with menstrual discharge, feces, or semen produces a blister likened in color to ripe āmalaka, pīlu, or a pale hue.
The commentary explains that the manifestations vary according to the particular vehicle of poison. It glosses rajas as menstrual discharge and indriya as semen; koṭha as raised wheals; pulālikā as horripilation; and dhūmāyana as a feeling like smoke issuing from the limbs. In the lines about menstrual discharge and the other vehicles, the word 'lesion' is understood but not stated. Viddhi means 'know' or 'recognize.'
Key terms
लूता (lūtā)
The spider-like poisonous creatures discussed in this section.
कोठ (koṭha)
Raised wheals or eruptions, according to the commentary.
पुलालिका (pulālikā)
Horripilation or standing of the body hair.
धूमायन (dhūmāyana)
A sensation as if smoke were rising from the limbs.
The text says that the preceding account has been presented and now proposes to describe the ancient origin of lūtā, their general features, which bites are treatable or untreatable, and the treatment appropriate to each particular type.
The commentary says the preceding material covered all lūtā poison in relation both to its day-by-day course and to the vehicles beginning with saliva, as transmitted in the authoritative tradition. What follows will set out their ancient origin and will discuss bites generally as treatable or untreatable. It will also give treatment—and, by implication from ca, the signs—according to each distinct type.
Key terms
लूताप्रभव (lūtā-prabhava)
The origin or initial cause of lūtā.
पुराण (purāṇa)
Ancient or belonging to former times.
साध्य-असाध्य (sādhya-asādhya)
The text's categories of treatable and untreatable conditions.
यथाविशेषम् (yathā-viśeṣam)
According to the particular type, without overlooking its distinctions.
The narrative says that King Viśvāmitra once angered the eminent sage Vasiṣṭha after reaching his hermitage. At the mere sight of the sun, drops of sweat fell from the forehead of the enraged sage, whose brilliance equaled the sun. They fell upon grass that the great sage had cut and collected for a cow. From this arose sixteen terrifying, variously formed, highly poisonous creatures, said to cause harm to a king's forces and mounts. Because the sage's sweat drops reached cut (lūna) grass, they are called lūtā.
The commentary presents this as an account supported by tradition. It explains Vasiṣṭha as sun-like in brilliance and the grass as gathered for cows and other animals to graze. It also preserves a different account: some say poisonous eruptions arise from the transformation of spoiled food after it is eaten, and that lūtā and other insects arise bearing their corresponding characteristics. The two origin accounts remain distinct.
Key terms
लूता (lūtā)
The sixteen poisonous creatures whose name is linked here to cut grass.
लून (lūna)
Cut; used by the text in explaining the name lūtā.
महाविष (mahāviṣa)
Described as possessing very powerful poison.
मतान्तर (matāntara)
An alternative doctrinal account preserved by the commentary.
कृच्छ्रसाध्यास्तथाऽसाध्या लूतास्तु द्विविधाःस्मृताः |
तासामष्टौ कृच्छ्रसाध्या वर्ज्यास्तावत्य एव तु ||९४||
त्रिमण्डला तथा श्वेता कपिला पीतिका तथा |
आलमूत्रविषा रक्ता कसना चाष्टमी स्मृता ||९५||
ताभिर्दष्टे शिरोदुःखं कण्डूर्दंशे च वेदना |
भवन्ति च विशेषेण गदाः श्लैष्मिकवातिकाः ||९६||
सौवर्णिका लाजवर्णा जालिन्येणीपदी तथा |
कृष्णाऽग्निवर्णा काकाण्डा मालागुणाऽष्टमी तथा ||९७||
ताभिर्दष्टे दंशकोथः प्रवृत्तिः क्षतजस्य च |
ज्वरो दाहोऽतिसारश्च गदाः स्युश्च त्रिदोषजाः ||९८||
पिडका विविधाकारा मण्डलानि महान्ति च |
महान्तो मृदवः शोफा रक्ताः श्यावाश्चलास्तथा ||९९||
सामान्यं सर्वलूतानामेतदादंशलक्षणम् |१००|
Meaning of the śloka
Lūtā are divided into two groups: eight considered difficult to treat and eight to be avoided as untreatable. The first eight are named Trimaṇḍalā, Śvetā, Kapilā, Pītikā, Ālaviṣā, Mūtraviṣā, Raktā, and Kasanā. Their bites are generally associated with headache, itching and pain at the lesion, and especially disorders characterized as śleṣmika and vātika. The other eight are Sauvarṇikā, Lājavarṇā, Jālinī, Eṇīpadī, Kṛṣṇā, Agnivarṇā, Kākāṇḍā, and Mālaguṇā. Their bites are described with tissue decay, bleeding, fever, burning, diarrhea, and disorders involving all three doṣas. Variously shaped eruptions, large circular lesions, and large soft swellings that may be red, dusky, or mobile are stated as general early signs of lūtā bites.
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ಆಲಾವಿಷಾ ಮೂತ್ರವಿಷಾ ಚೇತಿ ದ್ವೇ||೯೪-೯೯||
Meaning of the commentary
The commentary only clarifies that Ālaviṣā and Mūtraviṣā are two separate types.
Key terms
कृच्छ्रसाध्य (kṛcchra-sādhya)
Considered difficult to treat in the text's prognostic scheme.
वर्ज्य (varjya)
To be avoided as untreatable in the historical classification.
The text gives distinguishing signs and remedies for eight lūtā types. Trimaṇḍalā is associated with dark bleeding, splitting of the bite, deafness, clouded sight, and burning eyes. Śvetā produces a white itchy eruption with burning, fainting, fever, spreading inflammation, moisture, and pain. Kapilā produces a firm copper-colored eruption with heaviness of the head, burning, dim vision, and dizziness. Pītikā produces a firm yellow eruption with vomiting, fever, pain, headache, and reddened eyes. Ālaviṣā produces mustard-seed-like eruptions on a blood-colored circular lesion, dryness of the palate, and burning. Mūtraviṣā produces a foul, spreading lesion with dark-red discharge, cough, difficult breathing, vomiting, fainting, fever, and burning. Raktā produces a pale moist burning eruption with a red margin and blood. Kasanā is described as discharging cool, sticky blood and causing cough and difficult breathing. For each, the passage lists a different group of plant and mineral ingredients as an agada or as preparations for drinking, nasal use, application, or the eyes.
The commentary says this section follows the general signs with the special signs and treatment distinctions; ca also implies use as a wash. It identifies rāsnā with gandhanākulī, tuṅga either as lotus filament or, according to others, punnāga, and vañjula as jalavetasa. Jejjaṭa reads kambukā and explains it as kiṇihī. A variant reads raktapādyā, but the commentary still understands Raktā. For Kasanā, the treatment is said to be the same water-lily, sandalwood, and related group prescribed for Raktā.
Key terms
विशेषलक्षण (viśeṣa-lakṣaṇa)
Signs distinguishing one named lūtā type from another.
विसर्प (visarpa)
A spreading inflammatory manifestation in this passage.
अगद (agada)
An antidotal compound in the historical treatment system.
A Kṛṣṇā bite is described as having little blood with a fecal odor and as being accompanied by fever, fainting, vomiting, burning, cough, and difficult breathing. The text lists an antidotal combination for it, but only after declaring the grave prognosis. An Agnivakrā bite is described with burning, very heavy discharge, fever, sucking pain or thirst according to a variant, itching, horripilation, burning, and blisters. The Kṛṣṇā-calming treatment and another group of plants are likewise said to be used only after explaining the prognosis.
The commentary places Kṛṣṇā and Agnivakrā here because, although they belong among the types called untreatable, they may occasionally be considered difficult to treat; hence signs and treatment are given after prognostic disclosure. Sarpākṣī is identified as a red-flowered variety of śaṅkhapuṣpī, and Mahāsugandhi as an antidote described elsewhere. A variant reads tṛṣṇā, 'thirst,' instead of coṣa, 'sucking pain.' The word 'bite' must be supplied grammatically with 'accompanied.' Gayadāsa instead regards both types as invariably untreatable and, following the Sauvarṇikā sequence, reads only their signs later.
Key terms
प्रत्याख्याय (pratyākhyāya)
After communicating a grave or unfavorable prognosis.
कृष्णा (Kṛṣṇā)
One named lūtā type in the historical classification.
अग्निवक्रा (Agnivakrā)
Another named lūtā type associated here with burning and blistering.
After giving distinct treatment for the ten types discussed, the commentary understands this as a general measure for all of them. 'In every mode' includes drinking, external application, and related uses. Akṣīva-pippala is explained as a growth arising from mahānimba; others consider it to arise from śobhāñjana. Another citation says a bead made from a pippala arising on akṣīva, or alternatively bark of śelu, counters all poison. Ālambāyana similarly lists drinking, nasal use, and collyrium and preserves śelu bark as an alternative.
Key terms
श्लेष्मातकत्वच् (śleṣmātaka-tvac)
Bark of śleṣmātaka, prescribed generally in this historical treatment.
अक्षीवपिप्पल (akṣīva-pippala)
A pippala-like growth whose host plant identification differs among authorities.
After the eight difficult-to-treat types and two said occasionally to recover, the text describes six whose poison is considered uncontrollable. A Sauvarṇikā bite is dusky and frothy with a fish-like odor, accompanied by severe difficult breathing, cough, fever, thirst, and fainting. Lājavarṇā causes dark, foul blood to flow, with burning, fainting, diarrhea, and headache. Jālinī causes a severe, striped lesion that splits, with rigidity, difficult breathing, repeated darkness of vision, and dry palate. Eṇīpadī produces a lesion shaped like a black sesame seed with thirst, fainting, fever, vomiting, cough, and difficult breathing. Kākāṇḍikā produces a pale-red, extremely painful bite with pronounced thirst, fainting, difficult breathing, cardiac distress, hiccup, and cough. Mālaguṇā produces a red, smoke-smelling, very painful lesion that breaks down in many places, with burning, fainting, and fever.
The commentary says these signs are given so that the types judged untreatable may be recognized and avoided. Of the eight in this group, two may recover by chance, leaving six with uncontrollable poison. Dhyāma means the dusky color of a burnt brick. Tamo-vṛddhi means repeatedly seeing darkness. Viśīryeta means that the lesion decomposes or breaks down.
Key terms
अवार्यविषवीर्य (avārya-viṣa-vīrya)
Poison whose force is described as impossible to restrain.
Some authorities state that even in cases called untreatable, treatment should be applied quickly after explaining the grave prognosis, adjusted to the predominance of the doṣas and excluding cautery and cutting.
For a person just bitten by one of the lūtā types considered treatable, the knowledgeable practitioner is instructed to excise the bite properly with a vṛddhipatra surgical blade.
The commentary introduces this as immediate treatment for the types classed as difficult but treatable. It records that some sources add a line directing cauterization with a heated jambvoṣṭha instrument until further spread is checked.
Key terms
दष्टमात्र (daṣṭa-mātra)
Immediately or just after being bitten.
वृद्धिपत्र (vṛddhipatra)
A named surgical cutting instrument.
उद्धरेत् (uddharet)
To remove or excise in this surgical context.
जाम्ब्वौष्ठ (jāmbvoṣṭha)
A heated cautery instrument mentioned in a variant addition.
The text says that a practitioner familiar with the procedure may cut a bite only when it is away from a vital point, lacks fever and the other adverse signs, and has little swelling. Afterward it describes applying antidotal compounds mixed with honey and rock salt or a group beginning with priyaṅgu, and drinking one of two listed herbal mixtures with honey. It also directs cooling irrigation with a bark decoction from latex-bearing trees and treating complications according to the doṣa with poison-countering substances.
The commentary explains that the excluded fever and related signs are those assigned to untreatable lūtā bites, citing the rule that a wise physician should not treat such cases. The agadas include Mahāsugandhi and others, and 'then' means after cutting. Samaṅgā is identified as varāhakrāntā; tathā means the priyaṅgu group may also be applied. It identifies sārivā as utpala-sārivā, payasyā as arkapuṣpī, and kṣīramoraṭa as moraṭa. The two occurrences of madhuka in one formula are understood as terrestrial and aquatic varieties.
Key terms
अमर्मणि (amarmani)
At a location away from a vital point.
उत्कर्तन (utkartana)
Cutting or excision of the bite site.
अगद (agada)
A historical antidotal preparation.
उपद्रव (upadrava)
A complication arising in the course of the condition.
For lūtā poisoning, the text lists ten forms of intervention: nasal administration, collyrium, anointing, drinking, medicated smoke, avapīḍa nasal application, holding medicine in the mouth, forceful purification in both directions, and venesection.
The commentary identifies this as the tenfold management of lūtā. Some read ālepana, external application, in place of abhyañjana, anointing. 'Purification in both directions' means emesis and purgation. For venesection, some instead read that blood should be removed with leeches. All ten measures are understood to employ substances considered poison-countering.
Key terms
अवपीड (avapīḍa)
A form of nasal administration involving expressed liquid.
कवलग्रह (kavala-graha)
Holding or moving a medicinal preparation in the mouth.
संशोधनमुभयतः (saṃśodhanam ubhayataḥ)
Purification in both directions, explained as emesis and purgation.
The physician is told to treat all wounds from insect bites, and similar wounds from snakebite, like duṣṭa-vraṇa for as long as burning and suppuration remain.
Because lūtā are included among kīṭa, the commentary generalizes the treatment of wounds arising from insect poison, and comparable snakebite wounds, as treatment for a duṣṭa-vraṇa. Ā-dāha-pākāt means for as long as burning and suppuration persist; after they subside, the following method applies. A variant reads sa-dāha-pākān, 'those accompanied by burning and suppuration.' The cleansing, applications, and other wound measures are understood to use poison-countering substances.
Key terms
कीटदष्टव्रण (kīṭa-daṣṭa-vraṇa)
A wound resulting from an insect or arthropod bite.
अहिदष्टव्रण (ahi-daṣṭa-vraṇa)
A wound resulting from snakebite.
दुष्टव्रण (duṣṭa-vraṇa)
A complicated or unhealthy wound category used as the treatment model.
After swelling has subsided, the text recommends causing the karṇikā to fall away by applying a mixture including neem leaf, trivṛt, dantī, safflower flower, honey, guggulu, rock salt, ferment, and pigeon feces. It also advises avoiding foods said to increase poison and using other suitable food or measures that assist the removal.
The commentary says this treats a poison-produced karṇikā after burning and related signs have subsided. Karṇikā is explained as a fleshy nodule named for its resemblance to the seedpod of a lotus. When attributed to blood and pitta and soft and painful, it is said to fall away readily without scarification. The listed substances are applied locally; kiṇva means the fermenting starter of liquor. Foods such as sesame and horse gram are cited as increasing poison and are to be avoided. Gayadāsa instead reads śikhī and vaṃśa in place of neem leaf—explaining these as lāṅgalikī and bamboo bark—and reads danta, cow tooth, in place of kiṇva.
Key terms
कर्णिका (karṇikā)
A fleshy nodule likened to a lotus seedpod.
किण्व (kiṇva)
A fermenting starter used for liquor.
पातन (pātana)
Causing the nodule to detach or fall away.
शिखीवंश (śikhī-vaṃśa)
Gayadāsa's variant reading, explained as lāṅgalikī and bamboo bark.
The commentary assigns this measure to a karṇikā attributed to kapha and vāta. Arujā means painless and sthirā means firm or hard. The cleansing substances are said to include neem leaf and trivṛt or preparations of dantī root and madana fruit.
Key terms
अरुज (aruja)
Painless.
स्थिर (sthira)
Firm or hard in this lesion description.
प्रच्छन (pracchana)
Scarification or making multiple superficial cuts.
शोधनीय (śodhanīya)
Substances intended here to cleanse the lesion.
Adhikarana ೫೬ (೧೩೯) · Śloka ೧೩೯
ಸಪ್ತಷಷ್ಠಸ್ಯ ಕೀಟಾನಾಂ ಶತಸ್ಯೈತದ್ವಿಭಾಗಶಃ |
ದಷ್ಟಲಕ್ಷಣಮಾಖ್ಯಾತಂ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಾ ಚಾಪ್ಯನನ್ತರಮ್ ||೧೩೯||
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सप्तषष्ठस्य कीटानां शतस्यैतद्विभागशः |
दष्टलक्षणमाख्यातं चिकित्सा चाप्यनन्तरम् ||१३९||
Meaning of the śloka
The text states that the bite signs of sixty-seven hundred insects have been described by category, with their treatment set out immediately afterward.
The commentary says this numerical statement is intended both to reject conflicting counts in other works and to make the count given by Vyāsa in this work easier to understand. It interprets the statement as describing the bite signs of six thousand seven hundred insects, category by category, with treatment following each account.
Key terms
सप्तषष्ठस्य शतस्य (sapta-ṣaṣṭhasya śatasya)
Interpreted by the commentary as sixty-seven hundreds, or 6,700.
विभागशः (vibhāgaśaḥ)
By divisions or categories.
संख्याविप्रतिपत्ति (saṃkhyā-vipratipatti)
Disagreement among sources concerning the numerical count.
Adhikarana ೫೭ (೧೪೦) · Śloka ೧೪೦
ಸವಿಂಶಮಧ್ಯಾಯಶತಮೇತದುಕ್ತಂ ವಿಭಾಗಶಃ |೧೪೦|
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सविंशमध्यायशतमेतदुक्तं विभागशः |१४०|
Meaning of the śloka
This collection of one hundred and twenty chapters has now been presented in its divisions.
The commentary says that the previously announced number of chapters in the Pūrva-tantra has now been fully specified: one hundred and twenty chapters arranged in the divisions beginning with Sūtrasthāna.
Key terms
सविंशमध्यायशतम् (saviṃśam adhyāya-śatam)
One hundred and twenty chapters.
विभागशः (vibhāgaśaḥ)
According to the work's major sections or divisions.
पूर्वतन्त्र (Pūrva-tantra)
The first major portion of the compendium, as named by the commentary.
The commentary raises the question of how knowledge is to be obtained concerning śālākya, kaumāraka, kāya-cikitsā, and bhūta-vidyā, which have only been named here and not explained. It answers that these subjects, merely indicated among the preceding one hundred and twenty chapters, will be described next in the Uttara section.
Key terms
उद्दिष्ट (uddiṣṭa)
Briefly indicated or mentioned by name.
अनिर्दिष्ट (anirdiṣṭa)
Not yet explained in detail.
उत्तर (Uttara)
The subsequent section in which the indicated subjects will be explained.
शालाक्य (śālākya)
One of the branches named as awaiting detailed treatment.
सनातनत्वाद्वेदानामक्षरत्वात्तथैव च |
तथा दृष्टफलत्वाच्च हितत्वादपि देहिनाम् ||१४१||
वाक्समूहार्थविस्तारात् पूजितत्वाच्च देहिभिः |
चिकित्सितात् पुण्यतमं न किञ्चिदपि शुश्रुमः ||१४२||
ऋषेरिन्द्रप्रभावस्यामृतयोनेर्भिषग्गुरोः |
धारयित्वा तु विमलं मतं परमसम्मतम् |
उक्ताहारसमाचार इह प्रेत्य च मोदते ||१४३||
Meaning of the śloka
The verses say that nothing has been heard to be more meritorious than the teaching of treatment, because the Vedas are beginningless and imperishable, its results are observed, it benefits living beings, it expands the meanings contained in groups of words, and it is honored by living beings. One who retains the pure and highly esteemed teaching of the sage who possessed Indra's power, arose from the source of immortality, and was the teacher of physicians, and who follows the prescribed diet and conduct, rejoices both in this life and after death.
The commentary argues for the value of treatment through both transmitted authority and directly observed results. It explains the branches of Ayurveda such as surgery as beginningless, uncreated, stable, and true; this absence of human authorship is offered as a reason for the merit of their teaching. Observed effectiveness alone is not sufficient, since acts such as theft may also show an observed result, so benefit to living beings is added. Ayurveda is honored by people seeking release from disease and preservation of health because extensive meaning resides in its collected statements. The student is therefore to retain in the heart the stainless, highly honored teaching of the sage and follow the diet and conduct given for recovery and health. Gayadāsa offers another interpretation: Ayurveda is eternal because the continuing stream of life that it serves is always present, and because it is composed of imperishable syllables—vowels and consonants—the work shares in that permanence as an effect resembling its cause.
Key terms
सनातनत्व (sanātanatva)
Beginninglessness or perpetual existence, used here to support the authority of Ayurveda.
अक्षरत्व (akṣaratva)
Imperishability; Gayadāsa also connects it with composition from syllables.
Thus ends the eighth chapter of Kalpasthāna in the Suśruta Saṃhitā, called Kīṭakalpa. Thus ends the fifth division, Kalpasthāna, of the Suśruta Saṃhitā taught by the revered Dhanvantari and composed by his disciple, the great sage Suśruta.
The commentary colophon states that the eighth chapter of Kalpasthāna is complete in the Suśruta commentary called Nibandhasaṅgraha, composed by Śrī Dalhaṇa; the supplied name contains an orthographic variant, Dalhaṇa/Dalhlaṇa.
Key terms
कीटकल्प (Kīṭakalpa)
The title of the eighth chapter, concerning insects and related poisonous creatures.
कल्पस्थान (Kalpasthāna)
The fifth major division, concluded here.
निबन्धसङ्ग्रह (Nibandhasaṅgraha)
The title of Dalhaṇa's commentary.
पुष्पिका (puṣpikā)
A colophon marking the conclusion and attribution of a chapter or section.